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Martin Luther
Martin Luther (;〔("Luther" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German friar, priest, professor of theology, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Initially an Augustinian friar, Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, with his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.
Luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God〔Ewald M. Plass, ''What Luther Says'', 3 vols., (St. Louis: CPH, 1959), 88, no. 269; M. Reu, ''Luther and the Scriptures'', (Columbus, Ohio: Wartburg Press, 1944), 23.〕 and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.〔Luther, Martin. ''Concerning the Ministry'' (1523), tr. Conrad Bergendoff, in Bergendoff, Conrad (ed.) Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1958, 40:18 ff.〕 Those who identify with these, and all of Luther's wider teachings, are called Lutherans even though Luther insisted on ''Christian'' as the only acceptable name for individuals who professed Christ. Today, Lutheranism constitutes a major branch of Protestant Christianity with some 80 million adherents, while Protestantism itself is represented by an estimated more than 800 million people worldwide.〔(About Us — Lutheran Church of New Zealand: Lutherans in the World )〕〔(Hans J. Hillerbrand: Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set )〕〔(Peter B. Clarke, Peter Beyer: "The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations" )〕
His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation,〔Fahlbusch, Erwin and Bromiley, Geoffrey William. ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity''. Grand Rapids, MI: Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill, 1999–2003, 1:244.〕 and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible.〔''Tyndale's New Testament'', trans. from the Greek by William Tyndale in 1534 in a modern-spelling edition and with an introduction by David Daniell. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989, ix–x.〕 His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches.〔Bainton, Roland. ''Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther''. New York: Penguin, 1995, 269.〕 His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant clergy to marry.〔Bainton, Roland. ''Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther''. New York: Penguin, 1995, p. 223.〕
==Early life==
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